MUSEU DE CURIOSIDADES #9 – Taxidermia: A arte de preservar espécies
Você sabe o que é taxidermia? Segundo o dicionário Aurélio trata-se da arte de montar ou reproduzir animais para exibição ou estudo. É a técnica de preservação da forma da pele, planos e tamanho dos animais. Essa é uma atividade lícita e reconhecida por lei e tem como principal objetivo, o aproveitamento de espécimes descartados, estes com origem legal, resgatando material biológico de extrema importância e assim reconstituindo após a taxidermização, suas características físicas e comportamentais e quando necessário, simulando também seu habitat, nos chamados dioramas.
Pacarana – Espécime taxidermizado 50 cm de comprimento total. Coleção Museu Nacional.
Os serviços de taxidermia atendem a proprietários de animais domésticos e exóticos, pescadores, criadouros comerciais, mantenedores e conservacionistas, bem como museus de história natural, zoológicos, instituições de ensino e mais recentemente a televisão, o cinema, o teatro, os estúdios fotográficos e as agências de publicidade. Pensando nisso, onde podemos encontrar a taxidermia no Museu Nacional?
Com quase 200 anos de idade, a coleção de aves do Museu Nacional preserva espécimes taxidermizados para fins científicos e educacionais. Os espécimes que estamos expondo ficam em sua maioria na sala de Aves do Museu Nacional e são uma pequena amostra da nossa coleção. Na referida sala podemos ver ao menos um representante de cada uma das ordens de aves brasileiras.
Está representada em nossa exposição, boa parte da biodiversidade de hábitos e de plumagem das aves brasileiras, incluindo as duas maiores espécies voadoras, o Condor-dos-Andes e o Albatroz.
Condor-dos-Andes que pode ser visto na exposição “Aves do Museu Nacional”
Albatroz presente na exposição “Aves do Museu Nacional”
Popularmente o termo “empalhar” já foi usado como sinônimo de “taxidermizar”, entretanto há muito tempo não se usam mais manequins de palha e barro para substituir o corpo dos animais. Como não se usa mais os enchimentos de palha na taxidermia moderna, para embalsamar a cabeça do boi, por exemplo, são utilizados somente o couro curtido e o chifre do animal. A parte interna é substituída por manequim sintético feito de gesso, fibra ou de poliuretano.
A taxidermia deve ser exercida por biólogos reconhecidos, com curso de nível superior em Biologia, e envolve conhecimentos de diversas áreas além da Biologia, como: Química, Anatomia, Comportamento, Ecologia, Artes Plásticas, entre outras matérias. É muito importante que o profissional esteja sempre estudando e participando de cursos e seminários para estar bem atualizado e se destacar no mercado de trabalho.
Nos dias de hoje, alguns trabalhos em Taxidermia, não contém qualquer parte do animal (a maior parte dos trabalhos de peixes de água salgada), eles são totalmente recriados a partir de matérias sintéticas.
Escrito por: Henrique Sobral – Graduando em História – UFRJ e Bolsista de Extensão – PIBEX-PR5-UFRJ da Seção de Assistência ao Ensino do Museu Nacional.
Bibliografia:
Introdução Taxidermia. Disponível em:
https://www.ib.unicamp.br/dep_biologia_animal/taxidermia. Acesso em: 15 de janeiro de 2013.
Ngongoni Creations.Disponível em: <http://www.taxidermia.com.br/ >. Acesso em: 17 de dezembro de 2013.
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